1 Introduction
1.1 Magnetism: Magical yet Practical
1.2 History of Magnetism
1.3 Magnetism, Neutrons, Polarized Electrons, and X-rays
1.4 Developments in the Second Half of the 20th Century
1.5 Some Thoughts about the Future
1.6 About the Present Book
Part I Fields and Moments
2 Electric Fields, Currents, and Magnetic Fields
2.1 Signs and Units in Magnetism
2.2 The Electric Field
2.3 The Electric Current and its Magnetic Field
2.4 High Current Densities
2.5 Magnetic and Electric Fields inside Materials
2.6 The Relation of the Three Magnetic Vectors in Magnetic Materials
2.7 Symmetry Properties of Electric and Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Moments and their Interactions with Magnetic Fields
3.1 The Classical Definition of the Magnetic Moment
3.2 From Classical to Quantum Mechanical Magnetic Moments
3.3 Magnetic Dipole Moments in an External Magnetic Field
.3.4 The Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in a Magnetic Field
3.5 The Force on a Magnetic Dipole in an Inhomogeneous Field
3.6 The Torque on a Magnetic Moment in a Magnetic Field
3.7 Time-Energy Correlation
4 Time Dependent Fields
4.1 Overview
4.2 Basic Concepts of Relativistic Motion
4.3 Fields of a Charge in Uniform Motion: Velocity Fields
4.4 Acceleration Fields: Creation of EM Radiation
Polarized Electromagnetic Waves
5.1 Maxwell's Equations and their Symmetries
5.2 The Electromagnetic Wave Equation
5.3 Intensity, Flux, Energy, and Momentum of EM Waves
5.4 The Basis States of Polarized EM Waves
5.5 Natural and Elliptical Polarization
5.6 Transmission of EM Waves through Chiral and Magnetic Media
part II History and Concepts of Magnetic Interactions
Exchange, Spin-Orbit, and Zeeman Interactions
6.1 Overview
6.2 The Spin Dependent Atomic Hamiltonian or Pauli Equation
6.3 The Exchange Interaction
6.4 The Spin-Orbit Interaction
6.5 Hund's Rules
6.6 The Zeeman Interaction
Electronic and Magnetic Interactions in Solids
7.1 Chapter Overview
7.2 Localized versus Itinerant Magnetism: The Role of the Centrifugal Potential
7.3 The Relative Size of Interactions in Solids
7.4 The Band Model of Ferromagnetism
7.5 Ligand Field Theory
7.6 The Importance of Electron Correlation and Excited States
7.7 Magnetism in Transition Metal Oxides
7.8 RKKY Exchange
7.9 Spin-Orbit Interaction: Origin of the Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy
Part III Polarized Electron and X-Ray Techniques
Polarized Electrons and Magnetism
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Generation of Spin-Polarized Electron Beams
8.3 Spin-Polarized Electrons and Magnetic Materials: Overview of Experiments
8.4 Formal Description of Spin-Polarized Electrons
8.5 Description of Spin Analyzers and Filters
8.6 ' Interactions of Polarized Electrons with Materials
8.7 Link Between Electron Polarization and Photon Polarization
Interactions of Polarized Photons with Matter
9.1 Overview
9.2 Terminology of Polarization Dependent Effects
9.3 SemiClassical Treatment of X-ray Scattering by Charges and Spins
9.4 SemiClassical Treatment of Resonant Interactions
9.5 Quantum-Theoretical Concepts
9.6 The Orientation-Averaged Intensity: Charge and Magnetic Moment Sum Rules
9.7 The Orientation-Dependent Intensity: Charge and Magnetic Moment Anisotropies
9.8 Magnetic Dichroism in X-ray Absorption and Scattering
10 X-rays and Magnetism: Spectroscopy and Microscopy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Overview of Different Types of X-ray Dichroism
10.3 Experimental Concepts of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
10.4 Magnetic Imaging with X-rays
Part IV Properties of and Phenomena in the Ferromagnetic Metals
11 The Spontaneous Magnetization, Anisotropy, Domains
11.1 The Spontaneous Magnetization
11.2 The Magnetic Anisotropy
11.3 The Magnetic Microstructure: Magnetic Domains and
Domain Walls
11.4 Magnetization Curves and Hysteresis Loops
11.5 Magnetism in Small Particles
12 Magnetism of Metals
12.1 Overview
12.2 Band Theoretical Results for the Transition Metals
12.3 The Rare Earth Metals: Band Theory versus Atomic Behavior
12.4 Spectroscopic Tests of the Band Model of Ferromagnetism
12.5 Resistivity of Transition Metals
12.6 Spin Conserving Electron Transitions in Metals
12.7 Transitions Between Opposite Spin States in Metals
12.8 Remaining Challenges
Part V Topics in Contemporary Magnetism
13 Surfaces and Interfaces of Ferromagnetic Metals
13.1 Overview
13.2 Spin-Polarized Electron Emission from Ferromagnetic Metals
13.3 Reflection of Electrons from a Ferromagnetic Surface
13.4 Static Magnetic Coupling at Interfaces
14 Electron and Spin Transport
14.1 Currents Across Interfaces Between a Ferromagnet and a Nonmagnet
14.2 Spin-Injection into a Ferromagnet
14.3 Spin Currents in Metals and Semiconductors
14.4 Spin-Based Transistors and Amplifiers
15 Ultrafast Magnetization Dynamics
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Energy and Angular Momentum Exchange between Physical Reservoirs
15.3 Spin Relaxation and the Pauli Susceptibility
15.4 Probing the Magnetization after Laser Excitation
15.5 Dynamics Following Excitation with Magnetic Field Pulses
15.6 Switching of the Magnetization
15.7 Dynamics of Antiferromagnetic Spins
Part VI Appendices
Appendices
A.1 The International System of Units (SI)
A.2 The Cross Product
A.3 s, p, and d Orbitals
A.4 Spherical Tensors
A.5 Sum Rules for Spherical Tensor Matrix Elements
A.6 Polarization Dependent Dipole Operators
A.7 Spin-Orbit Basis Tnctions for p and d Orbitals
A.8 Quadrupole Moment and the X-ray Absorption Intensity
A.9 Lorentzian Line Shape and Integral
A.10 Gaussian Line Shape and Its Fourier Transform
A.11 Gaussian Pulses, Half-Cycle Pulses and Transforms
References
Index
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